How Does Spotify Use AI?

2023-07-02 00:00:44
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Illustration: © IoT For All

I’ve been using Spotify as my primary source of music since 2016 when I was first able to take advantage of their Spotify for Students discount. I wouldn’t call myself a top user of Spotify – my phone tells me that I use the app an average of 50 minutes a day – but I am very familiar with these examples of AI in Spotify and how they have integrated artificial intelligence into their app. 

Spotify Wrapped

By now, we are all probably familiar with this example of AI in the Spotify app. Spotify Wrapped came out in 2015 and later became quite a sensation on social media. Every year since 2015, Spotify will present to you your Top Songs of the year, how many hours you spent listening to a certain artist or song, and how you compare among other listeners (i.e. whether you were in the top 0.5 percent of Taylor Swift listeners or not). Spotify Wrapped is possible due to algorithms that process a listener’s data (listening history, playlists, skips, likes, and more) to create a musical profile for that user. That musical profile gets packaged up into the Spotify Wrapped that we have come to anticipate each year.

Despite the anticipation, many users (including myself) have complained that their Spotify Wrapped does not accurately reflect their year-round music preferences. And that is because Spotify does not use year-round data to create Spotify Wrapped and instead uses the data between January 1 – October 31 of a given year. The October 31 cut-off allows for Quality Assurance to take place. Although I understand the importance of QA work (that is a big part of what I do at work), I can’t help but think that this means that Spotify Wrapped results will be skewed toward the first half of the year. That data can be skewed is something to consider across all AI systems. 

Discover Weekly

Discover Weekly was released the same year as Spotify Wrapped and it is a playlist created by Spotify every Monday of each week that includes 30 new songs based on music you’ve listened to and liked. Spotify uses collaborative filtering to analyze the listening behavior and preferences of users and find new content for individual users. 

For example, I listen to a lot of Grateful Dead, so I must be in a pool of people that also listen to the Grateful Dead. Since we have that artist in common, Spotify will look at the music that other Grateful Dead fans have liked and recommend that music to me if I have not listened to it yet. This is why in my Discover Weekly playlist you’ll find suggestions like the one below that are funky and jam-bandy (despite the cool cover art, I wasn’t a big fan of this song, though). 


And how does Spotify know that Ryan Scott’s “Everything’s Gonna Be Fine” can be described as “funky” and “jam band”? Well, because of Natural Language Processing, which is the ability of an AI to understand words. Spotify’s AI will read content on the Internet about artists and songs to understand what those artists and songs are described as and tag them accordingly. 

Spotify DJ

Spotify DJ can be described as a better version (for some) of Discover Weekly; you’ll get new song recommendations with the addition of a talking AI. Spotify DJ may be less familiar to readers than Discover Weekly because it is fairly new. Spotify released Spotify DJ in February of 2023. The DJ has a “stunningly realistic voice” but won’t hide the fact that it is an AI (it tells you that upfront). Interestingly, Spotify also chose to make the DJ a green orb whose “mouth” moves when they speak but did not give it any other human-like features. 

However, the DJ (called “Xavier” or “X”) will tell you that it is not an assistant so it won’t help with setting alarms or reminders. No, DJ X is here to play your favorite music intermingled with helpful commentary between tracks on the history of the artist and the themes of the song (you know, like a real-life DJ does). DJ X knows your music tastes and will play songs you’ve listened to before as well as recommend new ones. It is constantly learning about your tastes, so it pays attention to your playlists, what songs you’ve liked, and what songs you’ve skipped. 

Spotify Presale Codes

I first found out about the Spotify Presale when I was trying to get tickets to see Goose at the Red Rocks Amphitheater in Colorado this year. I knew that the show would likely sell out (and they did), so I made sure that I was ready to get tickets during the artist presale (the one where you get a code from the artist to access a limited number of tickets before the General sale). I was luckily able to snag two tickets.

But while on the AXS website, I noticed that there had been another type of presale called a Spotify Presale, which had happened the day before. I did my research and found that Spotify uses the data they collect about a user’s activity to determine which users are the top listeners for a certain artist (this data is also used to create the Spotify Wrapped at the end of the year). Then, when an artist goes on tour, Spotify will send their top fans an email with a presale code so that those fans can get a ticket even before the fans that signed up for the Artist or Venue Presale. I haven’t received an email from Spotify with a presale code for an artist I follow, so I guess I’m not a top fan yet. Perhaps next year!

Forthcoming AI Features

With Spotify’s track record of harnessing data and artificial intelligence, I am sure that we will see even cooler features very soon. But until then, these are definitely worth your while!

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  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Art and Museums
  • Entertainment and Tourism

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Art and Museums
  • Entertainment and Tourism

参考译文
Spotify 如何使用人工智能?
插图:© IoT For All → 自从2016年我第一次用上了Spotify的学生折扣,我就一直将Spotify作为我获取音乐的主要来源。我不敢说自己是Spotify的重度用户——我的手机告诉我,我每天平均使用这个App的时间只有50分钟——但我对Spotify中这些人工智能的实例非常熟悉,也了解他们是如何将人工智能融入到App中的。Spotify年度听歌报告(Spotify Wrapped) 到现在,我们可能都对Spotify App中的这个AI例子很熟悉了。Spotify Wrapped最早于2015年推出,之后在社交媒体上迅速走红。从2015年开始,每年Spotify都会向用户展示他们的年度最爱歌曲、他们一共听了多少小时的某位艺人或某首歌,以及他们与其他听众的对比(例如,你是否属于前0.5%的泰勒·斯威夫特听众)。Spotify Wrapped是通过算法处理用户的数据(如收听历史、歌单、跳过歌曲、点赞等)来为用户创建个性化的音乐档案。然后,这些数据被打包成我们每年期待的Spotify Wrapped。尽管大家充满期待,但许多用户(包括我自己)都会抱怨,Spotify Wrapped并不能准确反映他们全年内的音乐偏好。这是因为Spotify并没有使用全年数据来生成年度听歌报告,而是只使用当年1月1日至10月31日之间的数据。10月31日的截止日期是为了进行质量保证(QA)工作。虽然我理解QA工作的重要性(这也是我工作中一个很关键的部分),但我禁不住觉得这意味着Spotify Wrapped的结果可能会偏向于年度前半年的数据。这种数据偏差在所有AI系统中都是需要考虑的问题。Discover Weekly Discover Weekly 是在Spotify Wrapped同年推出的,它是Spotify每周一生成的一个播放列表,包含30首新歌,这些歌曲是基于你平时听的和喜欢的音乐推荐的。Spotify使用协同过滤算法来分析用户收听行为和偏好,从而为用户发现新的音乐内容。比如,我经常听Grateful Dead,所以我一定属于其他也听Grateful Dead的人群。由于我们有共同的艺人偏好,Spotify会查看其他Grateful Dead粉丝喜欢的音乐,并在我还未听过的情况下推荐给我。这就是为什么在我的Discover Weekly播放列表中会出现如下面这样的推荐歌曲(尽管封面看起来很酷,但我不太喜欢这首歌)。那Spotify又是如何知道Ryan Scott的《Everything’s Gonna Be Fine》可以被描述为“funky”和“jam band”的呢?答案是自然语言处理(NLP),即AI理解文字的能力。Spotify的AI会阅读互联网上关于艺人和歌曲的内容,以了解这些艺人和歌曲被如何描述,并据此对它们进行标记。Spotify DJ Spotify DJ可以被看作是Discover Weekly的升级版(对某些人来说);它不仅会推荐新歌,还会加入一个说话的人工智能。相比Discover Weekly,Spotify DJ可能对读者来说更陌生,因为它是比较新的功能。Spotify是在2023年2月推出的Spotify DJ。这个DJ拥有一条“极具真实感的声音”,但它不会掩饰自己是AI的事实(它会在一开始告诉你)。有趣的是,Spotify还选择把DJ设计成一个绿色光球,说话时“嘴巴”会动,但没有添加其他任何拟人化的特征。不过,这个DJ(名字叫“Xavier”或“X”)会告诉你它不是一个助手,所以它不会帮你设置闹钟或提醒。不,DJ X在这里是想为你播放你最喜欢的音乐,同时在歌曲之间加入一些关于艺人历史和歌曲主题的评论(就像一个真正的DJ那样)。DJ X了解你的音乐品味,并会播放你已经听过的歌曲,同时推荐新的歌曲。它一直在学习你的偏好,因此它会关注你的歌单、你喜欢的歌曲和你跳过的歌曲。Spotify预售代码 我第一次了解到Spotify预售,是因为今年我想去科罗拉多州红岩露天剧场(Red Rocks Amphitheater)看Goose的演出。我知道演出很可能会售罄(事实上确实售罄了),所以我确保自己在艺人预售时准备好购票(这种预售需要你从艺人处获得一个代码,才能在普通售前之前买到有限数量的票)。我很幸运地拿到了两张票。但我在AXS网站上注意到,还有一个叫Spotify预售的类型,是前一天进行的。我做了些研究后发现,Spotify会利用他们收集到的用户活动数据来判断哪些用户是某位艺人最忠实的听众(这些数据也用于生成年度听歌报告)。当艺人开始巡演时,Spotify会向这些忠实粉丝发送一封包含预售代码的电子邮件,以便他们能在报名了艺人或场地预售的粉丝之前优先购票。我还没有收到Spotify为我关注的艺人发送的预售代码,所以我猜我还没能成为最忠实的粉丝。也许明年吧!未来的人工智能功能 考虑到Spotify在数据和人工智能方面的运用记录,我确信我们很快就会看到更酷的功能。但在此之前,这些功能绝对值得一试!推文分享 分享 邮件 人工智能 艺术与博物馆 娱乐与旅游 → 人工智能 艺术与博物馆 娱乐与旅游
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